Acciones para cuidar el medio ambiente

El cuidado del ambiente requiere la participación de ciudadanos organizados y conscientes de temas como el calentamiento global, la disposición de agua, la deforestación, los patrones de producción y consumo, así como los principios y valores que sustentan a esta sociedad. A partir de actividades cotidianas como transportarnos, asearnos, viajar, cocinar o comprar productos, y los impactos de éstas en el ambiente, es importante reflexionar en nuestros hábitos de consumo y actitudes hacia el cuidado y protección del ambiente. En nuestra casa, trabajo, comunidad o escuela podemos iniciar actividades concretas para mejorar el entorno. Para lograrlo necesitamos observar nuestro alrededor e identificar alternativas menos dañinas al ambiente, cambiar conductas y tomar decisiones basadas en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida. Te invitamos a utilizar y enriquecer este material con tu creatividad y experiencia para fomentar una cultura ambiental en todo el país.

FUNDACION PARA EL DESARROLLO COATLICUE A.C.: “LEY DE FOMENTO Y PROTECCIÓN DEL MAÍZ CRIOLLO COMO PATRIMONIO ALIMENTARIO DEL ESTADO DE OAXACA”

FUNDACION PARA EL DESARROLLO COATLICUE A.C.: “LEY DE FOMENTO Y PROTECCIÓN DEL MAÍZ CRIOLLO COMO PATRIMONIO ALIMENTARIO DEL ESTADO DE OAXACA”

Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca

Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca This property lies on the northern slopes of the Tlacolula valley in subtropical central Oaxaca and consists of two pre-Hispanic archaeological complexes and a series of pre-historic caves and rock shelters. Some of these shelters provide archaeological and rock-art evidence for the progress of nomadic hunter-gathers to incipient farmers. Ten thousand-year-old Cucurbitaceae seeds in one cave, Guilá Naquitz, are considered to be the earliest known evidence of domesticated plants in the continent, while corn cob fragments from the same cave are said to be the earliest documented evidence for the domestication of maize. The cultural landscape of the Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla demonstrates the link between man and nature that gave origin to the domestication of plants in North America, thus allowing the rise of Mesoamerican civilizations. Outstanding Universal Value Brief synthesis The Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the central valley of Oaxaca is an extensive cultural landscape that includes caves and shelters, one of which, the Guilá Naquitz cave has provided extraordinarily well preserved botanical evidence of bottle gourds, beans and squash and the earliest known maize cobs, and two others, Cueva Blanca and Gheo Shih siteshave provided evidence of Pleistocene animals and stone tools and the seasonal use of the abundant summer resources of fruit and small mammals. The gradual shift from social groups based primarily on hunting to ones that were primarily based on settled agriculture took place in multiple areas at the same time across the Mesoamerican region. The property is an exceptional reflection of the evolution from hunter-gathering to more settled communities in this area of the Oaxaca valley. Criterion (iii): The botanical evidence from Guilá Naquitz cave related to the domestication of other plants, squash, gourds and beans, linked with the archaeological evidence from Cueva Blanca and Gheo Shih, can together be seen to be an exceptional testimony to the evolution from hunter-gathering to more settled communities in this area of central America. Integrity Within the sites of Guilá Naquitz, Cueva Blanca and Gheo Shih lie all the elements necessary to sustain its Outstanding Universal Value and they are not under threat although could be vulnerable to over-grazing as a result of changes in climatic conditions. Authenticity Guilá Naquitz cave, together with Cueva Blanca and Gheo Shih can be seen to convey sites, where early man in early dates is known to have domesticated certain wild plants and taken putative stapes towards semi-settled lives. For these sites, authenticity can be said to be intact, even though the evidence on which our knowledge is based is no longer physically extant in the caves and sites. Management and protection requirements Even if the Yagul part of the property enjoys protection by presidential decrees, the remaining archaeological and landscape areas do not currently have national or municipal protection. There are ongoing specific projects to protect this part of the property. All visible archaeological evidence is recorded on record sheets for each site, together with mapping and photographs. The principal authorities responsible for the management of the property are the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), concerned with all archaeological and cultural sites, and the National Commission for Natural Protected Areas (CONANP), both of which have state and local branches or departments. CONANP is responsible for the conservation of natural species and scenic spots in the Yagul area. In conjunction with INAH it establishes agreements with communities, favouring traditional land use practices. In 1999, a Management Plan was approved for the Oaxaca Valley Archaeological Corridor (CAVO), attached to the existing management plan of the Monte Alban Archaeological Zone. The management system for the property overall is adequate, although newly implemented and thus still being proved. There is a need to put in place legal protection for the whole nominated area; an active conservation policy to ensure grazing and access are controlled, risk preparedness measures; an access strategy based on the carrying capacity of the nominated area; and to promote a research programme to consider whether in time more substantial evidence might be uncovered that could allow the wider landscape of Oaxaca to be seen as having been a focus for the domestication of plants and the transition to settled agriculture that is exceptional in the context of its geo-cultural region. Historical Description Hunter-gatherers followed nomadic lives in the area up to the end of the Ice Age, some 10,000 years ago, and, with the improvement in climate gradually moved towards a more settled way of life. Evidence of this gradual evolution, with the progressive domestication and improvement of plant species leading to an eventual agriculture-based society, and evidence of this gradual change has been preserved in two of the perpetually dry caves and one open site. Sixty caves and rock shelters were surveyed in the 1960s by Kevin V Flannery. He excavated four sites: Guilá Naquitz and Cueva Blanca caves, the Martinez rock shelter, and also the open site of Gheo Shih (outside the nominated area). This work was seen to have produced evidence of the shift from nomadic to semi-sedentary lifestyles. Only three sites out of all the 147 caves and sites have provided botanical evidence. These are, Guilá Naquitz, Cueva Blanca and Gheo Shih. Some of the finds from Flannery's excavation are deposited in the Museum of the Cultures of Oaxaca, in Oaxaca City. Others were subjected to destructive testing and no longer exist. In 1996 further exploration produced an inventory of plants on the property and in 2001 surveys identified caves not recorded in the 1960s. Work was undertaken by the University of Michigan between 1970-80 on the cultural ecology of the Valley. The caves and rock shelters were further studied in 1995 by Victoria Arriola. From 1996 intensive research has continued, in particular, through the efforts of the National Institute of Anthropology and History. Finds from the Naquitz cave have been also been re-assessed by the Smithsonian Institution through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating, along with finds of early domesticated plant assemblages that were recovered in the 1950s and 1960s from four other caves in Mexico: Tamaulipas (Romero's and Valenzuela's Caves), and Tehuacán (Coxcatlan and San Marcos Caves). In Oaxaca, evidence for the beginnings of plant domestication and settled agriculture during the period between 8,900 and 2,000 BC has been divided into four phases: Naquitz, Jicaras, Blanca and Martinez, after three of the four sites that provided evidence. In the Naquitz phase (8,900-6,700 BC) within the Paleo- Indian period, evidence from Guilá Naquitz cave has been found for domestication of local plants including gourds, squash, beans and corn. The Jicaras phase (5,000-4,000 BC) is related to evidence from Gheo Shih site, an open encampment, which seems to have seen seasonal and temporary use. The Blanca phases (3,300-2,800 BC) relates to finds of projectiles from the Cueva Blanca cave linked to more permanent settlements. The gradual shift from social groups based primarily on hunting to ones that were primarily based on settled agriculture took place in multiple areas at the same time across the Mesoamerican region. The nominated property at the time it was excavated produced some of the earliest examples of domesticated plants. Although the evidence is acknowledged as being fragmentary, it is seen to outline this complex process. In the 40 years since some of the caves on the property were investigated, further research at the Rio Balsas lowlands in south-west Mexico has revealed extensive evidence for the sequence from hunter-gathers gathering a variety of teosinte, the wild ancestor of maize, (7,000 BC), to its domestication and dispersal into the highlands of Oaxaca and other areas. One material difference between the two areas is that the evidence in Rio Balsas for the domestication of corn was based on seed evidence, whereas what was found in Oaxaca was a corn cob. However the seed evidence is much earlier than the corn cob. The site of Yagul reflects one of a series of small citystates that emerged following the decline of the urban State of Monte Alban (remains inscribed on the World Heritage list in 1987) with its smaller satellite societies across the Valley, such as at the settlement at Caballito Blanco, a network of sites spaced at approximately 5km intervals. The Yagul site was explored from 1954-61. With the 16th century Spanish conquest in Oaxaca, land use moved away from the indigenous systems. The village governors were able to retain their lands and did not resist the invasion. Hernán Cortés, who was named the first marquis of the Valley, protected it from the huge changes endured in the Mexico Valley. Few Spaniards were at that stage interested in land acquisition however, by 17th century, large haciendas and labors (small farms with employed labour) had appeared, providing local markets with animal products and grains. Close to Yagul stand the remains of the Soriano hacienda including a decorated chapel. In the early 20th century, major land and agrarian reforms occurred in Mexico. The community of the Union Zapata in the Valley is an example. It emerged in the 1930s as an ejido, with the former ranch, after considerable struggle, divided among 20 families of landless peons. There was not enough land for the community, it was minimally productive and issues arose over the common land 'the Fortress' with the Mitla community. Resentments continue between the landowners. Source: Advisory Body Evaluation FUENTE: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1352/

Mexico's transgenic maize under fire

Experimental planting scheme has insufficient controls to prevent gene flow to native crops, critcs say. by: Rex Dalton http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091125/full/462404a.html Mexico doesn't have an adequate system to monitor or protect natural maize (corn) varieties from transgenes, say prominent scientists concerned about the experimental planting of genetically modified crops. Activists question Mexico's transgenic maize. M. TOVAR/AP PHOTOIn the past month, Monsanto and Dow AgriSciences have received government permission to plant transgenic maize across 24 plots, covering a total of nearly 13 hectares, in the northern states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Tamaulipas. The planting of transgenic maize had been prohibited for 11 years in Mexico, where maize was first domesticated. The experiments are meant to test hardier varieties of the crop, and federal officials say that they are implementing controls to prevent gene flow. Ariel Álvarez Morales, executive secretary of the Mexican Inter-Secretarial Commission on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms, described the experimental planting as a compliance trial to see how the companies and the plants perform. "We want to see how the planting will work in these conditions," he says. Plots will be less than half a hectare in area, seed-planting will occur at different times from that of natural varieties, and farmers will be surveyed about the effect on native maize. In Sonora, where Monsanto has begun planting, transgenic maize is kept 500 metres away from conventional maize fields, says Eduardo Perez Pico, the firm's chief of research and regulatory affairs for the Latin American region. However, nearly 2,000 scientists have signed a petition to block the experiments. "There is no way to stop gene flow to the native crops," says signatory Montgomery Slatkin, a geneticist at the University of California, Berkeley. Greenpeace and other groups filed a legal challenge, which the government has rejected. "If Mexico experimentally plants transgenic maize, it should be done with ideal experiments and a great capacity to monitor them — but we don't have either," adds José Sarukhán Kermez, a Mexican biologist who has served in top ministerial posts and is a former rector of the Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City. One facet of the debate surrounds the US firm being used by the Mexican government to train and equip staff at two reference labs for transgene testing in Mexico City. The firm, Genetic ID, is a spin-off by John Fagan of the Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa, which favours organic crops and transcendental meditation. Álvarez Morales says the firm was chosen because of its widely known analytical techniques. But geneticist Elena Alvarez-Buylla, of UNAM's Institute of Ecology in Mexico City, questions whether the company's methods are sensitive enough to detect transgenes after several generations of plant growth. Earlier this year, her group reported that Genetic ID failed to detect transgenes in blinded samples1. Genetic ID responded that Alvarez-Buylla's results were due to sample contamination2, which she challenged3. ADVERTISEMENT Jay Reichman, an authority on transgenic testing with the US Environmental Protection Agency in Corvallis, Oregon, says that "overall the combined evidence suggests" that at least two transgenes "were present within the plant tissues" in question. In particular, Reichman noted that Alvarez-Buylla showed newly grown test plants believed to harbour transgenes were resistant to herbicide, indicating that they bore transgenes just like commercial seeds modified to be herbicide resistant. Fagan disputes the criticism. Still, he too is against transgenic planting, citing the potential contamination of native maize: "It is very, very unacceptable." (See also 'Maize genome sequenced'.) References 1.Piñeyro-Nelson, A. et al. Mol. Ecol. 18, 750-761 (2009). | Article | PubMed | ChemPort | 2.Schoel, B. & Fagan, J. Mol. Ecol. 18, 4143-4144 (2009). | Article | PubMed 3.Piñeyro-Nelson, A. et al. Mol. Ecol. 18, 4145-4150 (2009). | Article Comments If you find something abusive or inappropriate or which does not otherwise comply with our Terms or Community Guidelines, please select the relevant 'Report this comment' link. Comments on this thread are vetted after posting. #8951 The procedures to detect and prevent 'gene flow' should have been systematically tested, and the results peer reviewed, for each plant involved BEFORE deploying the GMOs. Too late, now — the dinosaurs are loose. Other countries in Central and South America, also centers of domestication for crops vital to human survival, will be pressured to repeat Mexico's tragic mistakes. The disputes over detection and contamination do not pass my 'Smell Test'. Nature and Science magazines have not distinguished themselves regards the possibilities that gene flow could even occur. Report this comment2009-11-28 12:14:01 PM Posted by: joe woodside#8966 I believe the whole article starts with the wrong foot. "Natural maize (corn)" does not exist. Maize is a product of human manipulation which is totally unable, as most crops, to survive in the wild without man's intervention. If they were able, agriculture would not be a difficult job. Now, coming to the issue of landraces and transgenic maize, I have the following comments: ◦The presence alone of a transgenic variety or trait does constitute any risk (for health, environment or biodiversity) per se. Major regulatory authorities and scientific societies accept Bt corn as safe for human and animal consumption on the basis of submitted evidence. Also extensive usage in many countries for around 10 years without complaint at the farm level can be added as evidence. Other insect resitant corn varieties developed by conventional breeding (see 1) are grown and used without any safety test because they are conventional. Have these been demostrated safe (for health, environment or biodiversity) in the name of some natural principle? ◦Modern hybrids have been grown in the region at least for some 3 decades now, and the landraces survived just fine. If cross pollination occurs, hybrids between commercial cultivars and landraces would be obvious (by several morphological differences in the first few generations at least) in their fields and could be either selected or not by the grower. ◦In the original sample collection in the Pineyro (Alvarez-Buylla) paper, the selected ears were confirmed to be landraces by the growers, which would be surprising if the transgenes had been recently introduced by hybridization, as one would expect. This makes the claim of the authors somewhat suspect. ◦if the transgenes are truly mixing, one expects that some of the plants are herbicide tolerant, some are insect resistant and some are both. This can be easily tested and the controversy put to rest. ◦Even if this is the case (that an as yet undemonstrated mixing is occurring), so what? Landaraces will still continue to be landraces and naive people would still believe in natural maize. if the farmers see the Bt trait as beneficial, they will introgress it into their landraces. The Bt trait has been shown to reduce fumonisin content of maize (2) and fumonisin are linked to Neural Tube defects and other severe illnesses (3). If some people reject the possibility of the Bt trait in a landrace as a heresy to natural biodiversity, then they are not only little understanding of crop biology, they also have little concern for human suffering. The old adage "I love humanity, it's people I can't stand" should be now turned to "I love a wrong idea of environment, but I still can't stand people". Best regards, P.M. references 1 Barry, D., Alfaro D., and Darrah L. L. (1994) Relation of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) leaf-feeding resistance and DIMBOA content in maize. Environ. Entomol. 23:177–182. 2 Wu F. (2006) Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts. Transgenic Res. 15:277-89. 3 Wild CP, Gong YY. (2009) Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis. Oct 29. Report this comment2009-12-02 09:44:04 AM Posted by: Piero Morandini#9098 Corss-pollination is not exclusive of transgenic maize. Modern conventional maize can also pollinate “native” maize varieties. Modern maize have been cultivated for decades next to the “native” maize and cross pollinating it. So, the named “native” maize is not really native. If the nearly 2,000 scientists (Of which speciality?) that think "there is no way to stop gene flow to the native crops" are worried about the conservation of the “native” maize varieties, then they must ask not only to stop cultivating transgenic maize, but also stop cultivating any modern imbreed line of maize in Mexico.

Mexico: Outcrossing of genetically modified maize:

Research Maize PrintSend Mexico: Outcrossing of genetically modified maize: by: http://www.gmo-safety.eu/science/maize/337.threat-biological-diversity.html REFERENCE: http://www.gmo-safety.eu/science/maize/337.threat-biological-diversity.html A threat to biological diversity? In November 2001 the renowned scientific journal Nature published a short article: two Californian scientists had been studying maize from a remote region of Mexico. They claimed to have found DNA from genetically modified maize in their samples. The article triggered a heated debate amongst scientists and the general public alike. Forefather of maize. Maize is descended from the wild grass teosinte. Maize diversity. Maize varieties belonging to a farmer from central Mexico. - Mexico is the centre of biological diversity for maize. (Photographs: Hugh Iltis) .Background: Mexico as the centre of biological diversity for maizeMexico is a special region for maize Using hybridisation and selection, the indigenous people of Mexico developed the precursors of modern maize varieties from the grass teosinte over thousands of years. As Mexican farmers mostly still use traditional breeding methods today, there are countless local varieties with a vast genetic diversity. Mexico is a centre of biological diversity for maize. One of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity signed in Rio in 1992 is to protect and preserve centres such as this. Signatories pledge to avoid environmental effects associated with genetically modified organisms which could harm the preservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. There has been a moratorium on the cultivation of genetically modified maize in Mexico since 1998. The importation of agricultural products, however, is allowed. Every year, several million tonnes of maize are imported from the USA, where in 2001 approximately eight million hectares of genetically modified maize was grown. Foreign genes in native varieties. How do they get there? Ignazio Chapela, an ecologist at the University of California at Berkeley, and his PhD student David Quist studied six maize samples which they had collected in Oaxaca, a mountainous region in southern Mexico. Chapela and Quist found gene sequences typically used in transgenic plants in four of the six samples. This genetic information occurs for instance in insect- and herbicide-resistant maize varieties such as those grown in the USA. Assuming that Chapela und Quist’s findings are true, how can genes from genetically modified maize be found in local varieties in the remote region of Oaxaca? The cultivation of transgenic maize is not permitted in Mexico, so that can be ruled out as an explanation. There are two possible hypotheses: Transgenic pollen was carried by wind and air streams from the USA to Mexico, where it crossed into native varieties. Opinions vary as to how far maize pollen can be transported by the wind. Although theoretical calculations suggest distances of several hundred kilometres per day, in practice however, a study conducted in the USA found no incrossings at just 300 metres from a field of transgenic maize. Maize pollen is also comparatively heavy and only viable for approximately 24 hours. This makes the pollen drift theory seem fairly unlikely.Mexican farmers have used genetically modified maize imported from the USA for crop-breeding. Seed produced by farmers in Mexico could therefore contain genes from GMmaize. It is conceivable that outcrossings to local varieties could arise from maize plants grown from this seed.Incrossing: scientifically proven or junk science? Irrespective of the search for possible causes, many scientists have expressed considerable doubts about the findings of Chapela and Quist. Their flawed investigative methods have been particularly criticised. Back in March 2001, for example, Dr. Urs Pauli from the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health had already pointed out that the data was insufficiently supported by control studies. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre in Mexico (CIMMYT) made several references to studies of samples from its own gene bank: foreign genes were not found either in older seed bank samples or in those collected from the Oaxaca region in 2000. In August 2002 scientists from the USA and Canada stated that the test probes (primers) used by Chapela and Quist to detect the foreign DNA were unsuitable for clearly distinguishing between natural maize sequences and transgenic DNA.Other studies commissioned by the National Institute of Ecology (INE) in Mexico confirm Chapela and Quist’s findings. But these studies have yet to be published in a recognised scientific journal. The president of the INE reported that Nature magazine had rejected the article on conflicting grounds, just as they had done with similar studies from other Mexican scientists. A threat to biodiversity? Did Chapela and Quist actually provide evidence for the encroachment of transgenic DNA into local varieties - or was it shoddy science (junk science)? It is now a seasoned debate, which is almost impossible to keep track of and riddled with suspicions on both sides. The Commission for Environmental Corporation of North America (CEC) has made a fresh attempt to clarify the situation: in June 2002 it commissioned a working group to examine the possible gene transfer from genetic maize varieties to Mexican native breeds and teosinte. It is also looking at the economic and health implications and the impact on biodiversity. The final report is expected to be finished by mid 2004. For many scientists there is no question that outcrossings of transgenes to local maize varieties are possible in principle. More detailed studies of the consequences are more important than pursuing the argument. Can the new genes become permanently established in the genetic pool of regional native breeds? Do the transgenes confer a selection advantageon the plants compared with other members of the same species? Does this threaten the biodiversity, the vast genetic variety of Mexican native species? What consequences might this have? Gene flow, the exchange of genes between cultivated and wild varieties, is a natural process. Genes from conventional cultivated varieties migrate to native breeds and wild populations. It is not just outcrossings between plants in neighbouring fields that are involved in this process – traditional methods of crop breeding also play a part. In Mexico in particular farmers tend to breed their local maize varieties. Consequently genes from different cultivated and native breeds get mixed up. The genetic makeup of Mexican native breeds has always been in constant flux. According to the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre in Mexico (CIMMYT), incrossings from cultivated varieties do not on their own cause a decline in the diversity of maize species in Mexico. Mexico was not a region of biodiversity for maize simply because many varieties had been “found” there. The diversity was rather a consequence of the crop-breeding skills of farmers, who set great store by growing different varieties. The varieties are subject to a continuous process of change. Whether genes from conventional high-performance strains or transgenic strains can become permanently established in native breeds and thereby decrease the biodiversity ultimately depends on whether they confer a selection advantage on the progeny. It is the genes rather than the breeding technique which determine whether there is a potential threat to biodiversity. ‘Contamination’ of the seed bank? Those opposed to genetic engineering see things differently. They regard every incrossing of transgenes as harmful and a threat to biodiversity. The Non-Governmental Organisations Committee (NGOC) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) stated for example that the CGIAR and its centres had failed to act against the ‘genetic contamination’ of the Mexican centre of origin for maize biodiversity. The CGIAR is a major amalgamation of public and private donors which finances sixteen agricultural research centres, including the CIMMYT. According to the NGOC, the CIMMYT was called upon to verify the risks of contamination, but chose instead to await further scientific evidence. The CIMMYT, on the other hand, maintains that extensive safety precautions have been taken. Since last year the gene banks set up to safeguard the genetic diversity of Mexican native breeds have only accepted tested seed containing no transgenic sequences. When propagating these seeds, crossing with unknown maize varieties in the environment is prevented in the field by time-consuming hand fertilisation, safety margins and plant cordons.

Maize and Biodiversity: The Effects of Transgenic Maize in Mexico

Assessment of Effects on Genetic Diversity for the Article 13 Initative on Maize and Biodiversity Prepared by Julien Berthaud and Paul Gepts Advisory Group Reviewers: Norman Ellstrand, Peter Raven, Allison Snow and José Luis Solleiro External Reviewers: Lesley Blancas, Rafael Ortega Paczka, Marilyn Warburton and Garrison Wilkes Note: Ten chapters were prepared as background for the work of the Maize Advisory Group and for input to the public symposium, held 11 March 2004, in Oaxaca as part of the CEC Article 13 study on maize and biodiversity. These chapters were later reviewed and revised prior to this release, based on comments received at the symposium and during the subsequent comment period. Responses to reviewers are provided at . This chapter reflects the views of the authors and is not intended to reflect those of the Advisory Group, the CEC Secretariat or the governments of Canada, Mexico or the United States. Secretariat of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America

STAFF

CV MARICELA SILVA R. 26 Wilbraham Road, Manchester, Great Britain http://fundacioncoatlicue.blogspot.co.uk/ maricelasilvar@hotmail.com Mobile: 0052 9511580595 PERSONAL STATEMENT A Law graduate from Atemajac’s University. I Have skills an knowledge essential in government services. I’m graduate from Granada’s University in International Cooperation Master. I’m a representative for Coatlicue’s Foundations in Oaxaca, Mexico: implement programmes in poor areas, such as, human rights, HIV, prevention programmes and centres set up for the violence against women. Enconagement in recycling: environmental issues which include the prevention of contamination in to de city causes by batteries. EDUCATION 2007- Granada’s University. Master in International Cooperation 2005- Jalisco College. Master in Regional Development. 2003- Atemajac’s University. Graduate in Law WORK EXPERIENCE 2007-2012: President for Coatlicue’s Foundations in Oaxaca, Mexico. We are a non-governmental, civil, non-religious and not-for-profit association whose main mission is to promote the development of marginalised and poor areas. 2011- 2012: Women’s Magazine: article about Multiculturalism 2008-2012: Transparency Statement Institute of Oaxaca. (IEAIP) Law in defences to Freedom of expression and information are fundamental human rights that are central to freedom and democracy. IEAIP creates and facilitates campaigns around the Oaxaca Estate. We provide legal knowledge and representation to those who require it, gather information and share our knowledge. SKILLS Computing: high level in Microsoft Office. Language: Spanish and actually, I m studied In EF school languages. Driving: I have a license to drive an my own car.